An Improved Biogeography-Based Optimization for the Long-Term Carpooling Problem

The increasing number of vehicles on the road produces negative effects for health, environment, quality life, and economy, among other areas. To address this problem, an important key is carpooling private from different homes to a common destination. This paper specifically addresses long-term which NP-complete problem. proposed approach modified biogeography-based optimization metaheuristic, hybridized with variable neighborhood search. Comparisons efficient known approaches indicate effectiveness large-scale problems.